Louisville / Jefferson County, Kentucky · Jail booking, police records, court cases and expungement
Follow a Louisville Arrest From Metro Corrections to the Final Court Disposition
A Jefferson County arrest can create separate jail, police, District Court and Circuit Court records. Searching only one system can miss the current custody status or the final outcome.
This guide connects the full process: LMDC inmate search, CIN numbers, Kentucky VINE, police records, criminal dockets, warrants, bond, visitation, inmate mail and money, public defender, victim services, statewide records and expungement.
LOUISVILLE RECORD ROUTER
CROSS-CHECK
LMDC INMATE SEARCH
CIN CHECK
JEFFERSON COURT RECORD
FINAL OUTCOME
CUSTODY + COURT MATCHED
An arrest is not a conviction. A Louisville Metro Corrections booking records custody and received charges. Prosecutors may amend, decline or dismiss charges, and the final court result can differ substantially from the original jail entry.
LMDC information
502-574-8477 · 24/7 facility.
CIN information
800-511-1670.
District Criminal
502-595-3060 · bonds accepted 24/7.
Bond filing fee
$25 nonrefundable.
Remote visit
Official FAQ lists $5 for 20 minutes.
Record router
Choose the record that answers your actual question
LMDC
Is the person in jail?
Current inmate status and the CIN identifier used for jail services.
Best first stop immediately after a Louisville arrest.
LMPD / METRO RECORDS
What did police record?
Incident, arrest, audio, video and other releasable government records.
Request the document from the agency that created it.
DISTRICT COURT
What happened after arrest?
Misdemeanors, arraignments and felony probable-cause proceedings.
Many Jefferson criminal cases begin here.
CIRCUIT COURT
Did the felony continue?
Indicted felony cases, warrants, judgments, sentences and official Circuit criminal records.
Search after indictment or rocket-docket processing.
AOC / KENTUCKY DOC
Need broader history?
AOC provides statewide Kentucky court criminal reports; KOOL covers correctional offenders and supervision.
Neither replaces the official Jefferson court order.
Best verification sequence: LMDC custody → save CIN → identify District or Circuit case → read the newest docket → obtain the final order when proof matters.
Current Louisville custody
Search Louisville Metro Corrections before checking old arrest databases
Enter the legal name
Start with the last name when the spelling of the first or middle name is uncertain.
Open every plausible result
Common names require additional identity checking.
Save the CIN number
The CIN is especially important for funds and other inmate services.
Record current custody details
Save the facility/status and available charge or court information.
Do not treat the jail charge as the conviction
Continue to the Jefferson court docket.
Call when the online result is unclear
Metro Corrections General Information is
502-574-8477.
Call the CIN information system when you need the identifier
Use
800-511-1670.
Louisville Metro Department of Corrections
400 S. Sixth Street
Louisville, KY 40202
General Information:
502-574-8477
Lobby/information service: 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
Custody notifications
Use Kentucky VINE to watch custody changes
Kentucky VINE is free and receives custody information from county jails, prisons and other participating facilities. It can tell you whether an offender is in custody and allow registration for status notifications.
Search by name or offender ID
Use the CIN or other jail/DOC identifier when known.
Verify the facility
Confirm that the listing points to the expected Louisville/Jefferson County custody.
Register your phone or email
More than one notification destination can be used.
Create the four-digit phone PIN
It is used to acknowledge automated telephone notifications.
Do not rely on VINE as your only safety plan
A release can occur before a person receives or acknowledges a notification.
Kentucky VINE no longer provides the former VINE Courts notification service through the Kentucky Department of Corrections. Use the court docket and prosecutor/victim-advocate notification process for court dates.
Booking decoder
Understand what a Jefferson County booking result actually means
Jail data versus court proof
| Field |
What it identifies |
What it does not prove |
Next action |
| CIN |
LMDC inmate identifier. |
Conviction or final court result. |
Save for visits, money and jail questions. |
| Booking date |
When custody processing occurred. |
Exact offense date. |
Compare with police and court dates. |
| Booking charge |
Charge information received during intake. |
Final prosecutor charge. |
Check District/Circuit Court. |
| Bond |
A financial release condition. |
Payment releases every case or hold. |
Confirm with District/Circuit Criminal clerk. |
| Release |
End of the jail custody event. |
Case dismissal. |
Check final disposition. |
| DOC/PID |
Kentucky corrections identifier when applicable. |
Current LMDC-only custody. |
Use KOOL if state corrections is involved. |
Identity safeguard
Verify the correct person before using an arrest record
Full legal name matches
Middle name or suffix is consistent
Age or birth information matches
Booking date matches the known incident
CIN belongs to the same person
Court case occurred in Jefferson County
Charge date aligns with the arrest
Final court disposition belongs to the same case
Do not rely on name alone. Match at least two independent identifiers before sending funds, publishing allegations or using a record for a consequential decision.
No-result troubleshooting
Why a Louisville arrest may not appear where you expect
Booking is still being processed
A very recent arrest can take time to flow into public-facing systems.
The person was released
Search the court docket even when the person is no longer a current inmate.
The name is recorded differently
Try aliases, former surnames, hyphens, suffixes and spelling variations.
The arrest occurred outside Jefferson County
Search the actual county jail and court.
The case is still in District Court
A new felony complaint may not yet have a Circuit criminal case.
The felony moved to Circuit Court
After indictment, use Circuit Criminal rather than relying only on the District case.
The person is now under Kentucky DOC authority
Use KOOL to check state correctional or supervision information.
The record was expunged or purged
Expunged cases should not appear in ordinary official Kentucky background reports.
Copy-ready inmate status call
I am trying to confirm the custody status of [full legal name], date of birth [date if known]. The arrest may have occurred on [date] in Louisville/Jefferson County. Can you confirm whether the person is currently in Metro Corrections, released, transferred, or listed under a CIN number that I should use for court or inmate-service questions?
Arrest-to-disposition path
Follow the Louisville criminal case in the correct order
Police arrest or criminal citation
LMPD or another agency creates the incident/arrest record.
Metro Corrections booking
LMDC creates the custody record and CIN.
District Court arraignment
The defendant is advised of the charges and rights and enters the appropriate plea.
Bond and pretrial decisions
The court determines release terms and nonfinancial conditions.
Misdemeanor prosecution or felony probable-cause process
District Court handles misdemeanors and preliminary felony proceedings.
Grand jury / Circuit Court
Indicted felonies continue in Jefferson Circuit Court.
Final court result
Each charge can end through dismissal, plea, acquittal, conviction or another order.
State court-history update
Relevant District and Circuit activity can appear in Kentucky AOC criminal record reports.
Correction or expungement
Incorrect records can be corrected and legally eligible cases can be expunged.
Louisville police records
Request the arrest or incident record instead of asking for a generic background search
Louisville Metro Police Records
701 W. Ormsby Avenue, Suite 001
Louisville, KY 40203
Police Headquarters: 601 W. Chestnut Street
Main police line:
502-574-7111
Confirm LMPD created the record
A Kentucky State Police, suburban police or another county report must be requested from that agency.
Identify the exact document
Examples include arrest report, incident report, CAD record, body-camera segment or identified audio.
Add the report number
Use it when known.
Add the incident date and location
Narrow the request to a specific event.
Add the subject’s full name
Include aliases only when relevant.
Request electronic delivery where available
It can reduce unnecessary physical-copy handling.
Set a cost ceiling
Ask for an estimate before processing if charges exceed your stated limit.
Copy-ready police-record request
I request electronic copies of the releasable arrest and incident records concerning [full legal name] for the incident on [date] at [location]. Known identifiers include report number [number], LMDC CIN [number] and Jefferson court case number [number]. Specifically, I request [arrest report / incident report / identified body-camera segment / CAD record]. Please notify me before processing if charges will exceed $[amount].
Metro Corrections records
Request jail records from Corrections—not from the police
Louisville Metro provides a dedicated Corrections Open Records submission route for records maintained by LMDC.
Useful identifiers for a jail-record request
Full inmate name
CIN number
Booking date
Release date when known
Court case number
Exact document or date range requested
Ask for a defined existing record rather than asking Corrections to research a broad question. A focused request is easier to process and less likely to produce irrelevant material.
Jefferson District Court
Check misdemeanor and early felony proceedings
Kentucky District Court handles misdemeanors, violations, traffic offenses, arraignments and felony probable-cause hearings.
Match the defendant and case
Compare name, charge and court date rather than relying on a name alone.
Identify the District Court case type
A misdemeanor can be decided there, while a felony complaint may later proceed to Circuit Court.
Check arraignment and bond activity
These entries explain early release conditions.
For felony matters, check what happened after probable cause
A later Circuit case can contain the controlling felony outcome.
Jefferson District Criminal – Traffic
Louis D. Brandeis Hall of Justice
600 W. Jefferson Street, 1st Floor
Louisville, KY 40202
Phone:
502-595-3060
Service: 24 hours a day, seven days a week, with limited after-hours services
Jefferson Circuit Criminal
Continue felony cases into Circuit Court
Jefferson Circuit Criminal handles felony cases after Grand Jury indictment or qualifying Commonwealth Attorney rocket-docket processing. It also processes Circuit Court warrants and maintains official Circuit Criminal records.
Start with the District case or arrest information
Record the defendant name, initial charge and District case number.
Identify the indictment
Compare the Circuit charge with the original booking allegation.
Review later amendments and pleas
The indictment is not automatically the final conviction.
Locate the final judgment or dismissal
This is the most important document for the outcome.
Call Circuit Criminal when the online docket is not enough
Use
502-595-3009.
Jefferson Circuit Court Criminal Division
Jefferson County Judicial Center
700 W. Jefferson Street, 3rd Floor, Room 331
Louisville, KY 40202
Phone:
502-595-3009
Monday–Friday: 8:30 a.m.–4:30 p.m.
Official court proof
Get the real court file when a docket summary is not enough
Kentucky AOC states that the Office of Circuit Court Clerk—not AOC—is the legal custodian of District and Circuit case records.
Identify which court heard the case
District and Circuit files can be held in different criminal divisions.
Save the exact case number
This avoids unnecessary name research.
Ask for the specific document
Examples: citation, complaint, indictment, bond order, judgment, sentencing order or dismissal.
Request certification when official proof is required
Tell the clerk whether you need a plain or certified copy.
For dated files, contact Archives and Records
Older Jefferson cases may be stored outside the active court division.
Jefferson Archives & Records
Old Jail Building
514 W. Liberty Street, Suite 100
Louisville, KY 40202
Phone:
502-595-3042
Monday–Friday: 8:30 a.m.–4:30 p.m.
Jefferson Archives currently identifies microfilm holdings including Circuit Criminal records from 1953–1985 and Judges Docket records from 2000–2006.
Warrant verification
Check the newest court entry before treating a warrant as active
Identify District or Circuit jurisdiction
New misdemeanor and preliminary felony matters usually begin in District Court; Circuit Criminal processes Circuit warrants.
Read the entries in date order
An older warrant entry may have been served or otherwise resolved.
When the warrant concerns you, contact counsel
A lawyer can advise on appearance, surrender and bond.
Never confront or detain another person based on an online record. Warrant status can change, and same-name mistakes are possible.
Payment scam warning: The Jefferson Circuit Court Clerk states that its office does not call people demanding payment for court costs, fines or bail bonds.
Jefferson County bond
Confirm every case before posting Louisville bail
Jefferson District Criminal accepts bail bonds 24 hours a day, seven days a week, although after-hours services are limited. The current nonrefundable bond filing fee is $25.
Confirm the inmate’s CIN and legal name
Do not pay for a same-name inmate.
List every case and hold
A separate Circuit case or detainer can prevent release.
Bring government-issued photo identification
It is required to post a bond.
Check Kentucky residency rules
Kentucky residency is generally required to post bond unless posting a full cash bond or qualifying Kentucky real estate for a property bond.
Use an accepted payment method
Full cash bond may be posted with cash, certified check or cashier’s check under the Clerk’s current procedure.
Keep the receipt
Only the surety who posted the bond is eligible for the refund.
Current bond types and practical rules
Jefferson County bond details
| Bond type |
Rule |
Important detail |
| Full cash |
Full ordered amount is posted. |
Cash, certified check or cashier’s check accepted under current clerk rules. |
| Partially secured / percentage |
Only the ordered percentage is paid upfront. |
Surety remains responsible for the full amount if bond is forfeited. |
| Surety |
May be posted 24/7. |
Kentucky residency/ID requirements apply to the person posting. |
| Property |
Kentucky property is pledged. |
Property bonds are not taken after 4 p.m. |
Metro Corrections self-bond option
A qualifying inmate can use funds placed on the inmate account to self-bond through LMDC’s eBond/TouchPay process. This route is limited to qualifying District Court cases.
Kentucky resident with valid address
District Court case only
No Circuit Court case
No DUI case
No specified domestic-violence case
No LMDC booking-fee balance
The current LMDC self-bond funding information lists a fee of $70 per $1,000 of bond. Confirm eligibility before depositing money for this purpose.
Public defender
Ask for appointed counsel before discussing a plea offer
Kentucky’s Department of Public Advocacy states that an indigent person facing a criminal charge carrying possible jail time or a fine of $500 or more can qualify for public-defender services.
Ask the judge to appoint the public defender
Make the request at the first court appearance.
Complete the indigency process
The court determines eligibility.
Do not negotiate the case before speaking with counsel
DPA advises requesting counsel before considering a prosecutor’s offer.
Call the Louisville DPA office after appointment
833-934-5953.
Give the court case and custody information
Have the defendant name, case number, court date and CIN when available.
Louisville – Jefferson County Public Defenders
Kentucky Department of Public Advocacy
701 W. Jefferson Street
Louisville, KY 40202
Phone:
833-934-5953
The former county-funded Louisville public-defender corporation ceased operations in 2024. Jefferson County representation is now part of Kentucky’s statewide Department of Public Advocacy.
Victim assistance
Get court, plea, bond and release notifications
Jefferson County Commonwealth’s Attorney victim advocates assist felony crime victims with court-system navigation, case notifications, crisis support, referrals, courtroom accompaniment and information about case disposition.
Collect the defendant and case information
Have the defendant’s name and Circuit case number when known.
Ask to be notified of plea offers
The current victim form lets a victim indicate this preference.
Ask to be heard about bond/release
The notification form also includes this option.
Contact the advocate for impact-statement assistance
Return a victim impact statement before sentencing under the prosecutor’s instructions.
Jefferson County Commonwealth’s Attorney
514 W. Liberty Street
Louisville, KY 40202
Main / Victim Advocacy assistance:
502-595-2300
Monday–Friday: 8:00 a.m.–4:30 p.m.
LMDC video visits
Register before scheduling a Louisville jail visit
Louisville Metro Corrections uses Securus Video Visitation. The official visitation FAQ currently lists free on-site visits and $5 remote visits lasting 20 minutes.
Confirm where the inmate is housed
LMDC has multiple locations and the inmate’s status/classification affects visitation.
Request approval to visit the LMDC inmate
Jail staff reviews the visitor request.
Allow the approval review to complete
LMDC’s current FAQ says requests are reviewed within about 24 hours.
Choose on-site or remote
On-site public video visits are free; remote visits require payment.
Schedule the appointment
Do not travel to the facility assuming an unscheduled visit will be available.
Video-visit conduct rules
Remain seated during the session
Keep clothing properly in place
No nudity or partial exposure
Only registered visitors may participate
No loud or disruptive behavior
Do not violate a court no-contact order
No drug/alcohol use during visit
Do not participate while visibly intoxicated
Classification / emergency inmate message questions:
502-574-2120
LMDC postal mail
Send regular inmate mail to the off-site scanning address
Regular postal mail is processed off site and delivered electronically to the inmate through password-protected kiosks or tablets.
Regular inmate postal mail
Smart Communications / Louisville Metro Corrections
Inmate Full Name #CIN
P.O. Box 9180
Seminole, FL 33775-9174
Confirm the inmate is still in LMDC custody
A transfer can make the address or identifier obsolete.
Use the inmate’s exact booking name
Match the current inmate search.
Add the CIN clearly
LMDC requires the inmate name and booking/ID number on the outside of the envelope or postcard.
Send ordinary letters/cards to Seminole, Florida
Do not send regular inmate correspondence to the downtown jail address.
Use MailGuard tracking when desired
The free tracker can show delivery status, rejection notices and processed-mail copies.
Marriage requests follow a different route and are sent to Louisville Metro Corrections, 400 S. Sixth Street, Louisville, KY 40202, in care of the Chaplain.
Inmate funds
Add money using the CIN—not a name-only match
Verify the CIN before paying. LMDC requires both the inmate’s name and CIN for account deposits.
Louisville Metro Corrections deposit options
| Method |
Where |
Important rule |
| Online |
TouchPay |
Facility is notified immediately of online payments. |
| Main jail kiosk |
400 S. Sixth Street |
Cash and eligible card payments. |
| Hall of Justice kiosk |
600 W. Jefferson Street |
Visa/MasterCard debit/credit accepted. |
| Money order |
Bring to jail exit lobby |
Money orders are no longer accepted through inmate mail. |
Inmate telephone calls
Know what LMDC provides before paying a phone service
People currently in Louisville Metro Corrections custody are provided two free 15-minute telephone calls per day.
Ordinary incoming inmate calls are not accepted
Ordinary messages are not accepted
Emergency situations go through Classification
Call-block requests use Internal Affairs/contact line
Ordinary jail calls should not be treated as confidential legal communications. Sensitive defense strategy should be discussed through counsel.
Release and reentry
Ask for discharge planning when the inmate has serious reentry needs
LMDC operates discharge-planning and reentry programs for eligible people who may otherwise leave custody without transportation, medication, identification, housing or treatment connections.
Published F2ACT discharge supports can include
Seasonally appropriate clothing
Footwear and basic hygiene items
Medication
Medicaid enrollment
Public transportation / bus tickets
Temporary state identification
Shelter, housing or treatment referrals
Warm handoff to a planned program
Participation is based on eligibility and assessed reentry needs. Family members should ask LMDC about discharge planning before the expected release date rather than waiting until release day.
Kentucky statewide court history
Use AOC criminal record reports when you need more than Jefferson County
Kentucky AOC criminal record reports draw from District and Circuit Court activity in all 120 Kentucky counties.
A Kentucky AOC report can contain
County where case was filed
Case number
Original charge
Charge amendments
Disposition
Charge date
Disposition date
Court-clerk memos when applicable
The AOC report is explicitly marked “Not an Official Court Record.” An indictment, judgment, sentencing order or certified disposition must come from the Circuit Court Clerk where the case was filed.
Choose FastCheck or One-Time Request
Registered FastCheck users retrieve completed results online; one-time requests are returned by mail.
Enter the subject information carefully
Public criminal-record reports can be requested on another person.
Understand third-party notification
When a third-party request produces a record, AOC notifies the record subject and sends that person a copy of the report.
Review the case number and disposition
Use Jefferson Clerk records for the official local case.
Remember what is excluded
Juvenile, mental-health, domestic-violence and other legally confidential matters are not provided as ordinary criminal record reports.
AOC Records Unit:
800-928-6381
Monday–Friday: 8:00 a.m.–4:00 p.m. Eastern
Kentucky state corrections
Use KOOL when the person is under Kentucky DOC authority
Useful for
- DOC or PID number
- Current correctional location
- State supervision status
- Conviction/offense information
- Projected release information when available
Do not use it as
- A replacement for a recent LMDC inmate search
- A complete arrest-history database
- The certified court judgment
- A guarantee that newly entered data is finalized
Kentucky DOC warns that offender data newer than 120 days may not yet be finalized.
Record correction
Fix the originating government record first
Compare every government source
Check LMDC, District Court, Circuit Court and the AOC criminal record report.
Identify the exact incorrect field
Examples: wrong person, wrong disposition, missing dismissal or wrong charge.
Obtain the controlling court document
A judgment, dismissal or certified court order is stronger than a private background report.
Correct the source agency
Police errors go to the creating police agency; court disposition errors go to the Jefferson Circuit Court Clerk.
Contact AOC when its criminal report is incorrect or incomplete
Call
800-928-6381.
Recheck downstream systems
A correction may take time to propagate.
Correction is different from expungement. Correction fixes inaccurate information. Expungement addresses an accurate record that qualifies for legal removal.
Kentucky expungement
Determine whether the Jefferson County record already qualifies for removal
Do not pay for an expungement certification until you know whether one is required. Kentucky does not require the certification for ordinary dismissals and acquittals.
Automatic dismissal and acquittal relief
Kentucky Court of Justice states that cases dismissed with prejudice or ending in acquittal on or after July 15, 2020 are automatically expunged after 30 days, excluding traffic cases. No defendant action is required.
Defendant/attorney receives the order
County/Commonwealth Attorney receives it
Kentucky State Police receives it
Arresting agency receives it
Local jail receives it
Other agencies may need to be identified within the allowed period
Conviction expungement starts with certification
Wait for AOC and KSP review
AOC prepares the criminal record report and Kentucky State Police reviews eligibility.
Download the completed certification promptly
An online account provides status updates.
Use the certification within 30 days
File it with the proper petition before it expires.
File the Jefferson petition with the Circuit Court Clerk
District Court expungement processing is handled by Jefferson’s Expungement and Information Processing division.
Jefferson County misdemeanor / conviction processing
Expungement & Information Processing
Louis D. Brandeis Hall of Justice
600 W. Jefferson Street
2nd Floor, Room 2033
Louisville, KY 40202
Phone:
502-595-3071
Monday–Friday: 8:30 a.m.–4:30 p.m.
Jefferson’s EIP division currently lists a $100 fee per guilty-conviction case handled through that department. Confirm the filing category before paying.
Felony expungement
Current Kentucky felony-expungement checkpoints
| Issue |
Current rule |
| Common eligible category |
Most Class D felony convictions, subject to statutory exclusions. |
| Waiting period |
At least 5 years after sentence completion or successful completion of probation/parole, whichever is later. |
| Certification |
$40 certification required. |
| Initial filing fee |
$50 nonrefundable. |
| Fee after approval |
$250 expungement fee. |
| Total felony filing/expungement fee |
$300, plus the separate $40 certification. |
| Prosecutor objection period |
60 days. |
The $250 portion can be paid in installments after approval, but the expungement is not completed until it has been paid in full.
Felony charge never indicted
A felony charge held to a grand jury but not indicted can use a separate Kentucky process. The petition may generally be filed no sooner than six months after the District Court decision to hold the case to the grand jury, and the Kentucky Court of Justice states there is no filing fee for that petition.
High-value Louisville details
What this guide solves inside the page
Recent arrest
LMDC search, CIN, custody verification, VINE notifications and no-result troubleshooting.
Police and jail records
Correct agency routing, open-record request fields and copy-ready request language.
Court outcome
District-versus-Circuit routing, docket checks, archived records, felony progression and official documents.
Family help
Bond, visitation, postal mail, inmate funds, telephone calls and release planning.
Legal and victim help
Current statewide DPA office, appointed-counsel workflow and Circuit victim notifications.
Record cleanup
AOC background reports, error correction, automatic expungement, conviction certification and felony fees.
Jefferson County arrest-record questions
Louisville jail and criminal record questions answered
How do I search Jefferson County KY arrest records?
Search current Louisville Metro Corrections inmates first, save the CIN and then check the Jefferson District or Circuit Court docket for the criminal case.
How do I find someone in Louisville Metro Corrections?
Use LMDC’s official inmate search or call 502-574-8477. Kentucky VINE at 800-511-1670 can also provide custody information.
What is a Louisville jail CIN number?
It is the inmate identifier used by LMDC. Keep it because it is required for services such as inmate-account deposits and helps prevent same-name mistakes.
Where do I search Jefferson County criminal court records?
District Court handles misdemeanors and early felony proceedings. Circuit Criminal handles indicted felony matters. Use Kentucky’s court docket and the Jefferson Circuit Court Clerk for official records.
How do I obtain an LMPD arrest report?
Submit a focused Louisville Metro Open Records request identifying the report or incident, date, location, subject and report number when known.
How do I post bond in Jefferson County?
District Criminal accepts bonds 24/7 with limited after-hours service. Confirm every case first, bring valid identification and expect the current $25 nonrefundable bond filing fee.
How much is a Louisville jail video visit?
LMDC’s current FAQ lists scheduled on-site visits as free and remote Securus visits at $5 for 20 minutes.
How do I get a Jefferson County public defender?
Ask the judge to appoint counsel at the first court appearance. The Louisville Jefferson County Department of Public Advocacy office is at 701 W. Jefferson Street and its phone number is 833-934-5953.
Can I order another person’s Kentucky criminal record?
Yes. Kentucky AOC criminal-record reports are public information subject to confidentiality rules. If a third-party request finds a record, AOC notifies the subject and sends that person a copy.
Can a Jefferson County arrest record be expunged?
Some can. Dismissed-with-prejudice and acquitted cases entered on or after July 15, 2020 generally receive automatic expungement after 30 days, excluding traffic cases. Conviction expungement uses separate certification and filing rules.